Review of the default primary energy factor (PEF) reflecting the estimated average EU generation efficiency referred to in Annex IV of Directive 2012/27/EU

This study has been a relevant input to the review of the primary energy factor (PEF) for electricity, in the context of the Energy Efficiency Directive 27/2012/EU. The authors focus on four calculation methods following exchange with the European Commission's services, Member States representatives and European associations.